Docs Menu

Docs HomeDevelop ApplicationsAtlas Device SDK

Swift Concurrency - Swift SDK

On this page

  • Realm Concurrency Caveats
  • Suspending Execution with Await
  • Async/Await APIs
  • Perform Background Writes
  • Tasks and TaskGroups
  • Actor Isolation
  • Errors Related to Concurrency Code
  • Sendable, Non-Sendable and Thread-Confined Types

Swift's concurrency system provides built-in support for writing asynchronous and parallel code in a structured way. For a detailed overview of the Swift concurrency system, refer to the Swift Programming Language Concurrency topic.

While the considerations on this page broadly apply to using realm with Swift concurrency features, Realm Swift SDK version 10.39.0 adds support for using Realm with Swift Actors. You can use Realm isolated to a single actor or use Realm across actors.

Realm's actor support simplifies using Realm in a MainActor and background actor context, and supersedes much of the advice on this page regarding concurrency considerations. For more information, refer to Use Realm with Actors - Swift SDK.

As you implement concurrency features in your app, consider this caveat about Realm's threading model and Swift concurrency threading behaviors.

Anywhere you use the Swift keyword await marks a possible suspension point in the execution of your code. With Swift 5.7, once your code suspends, subsequent code might not execute on the same thread. This means that anywhere you use await in your code, the subsequent code could be executed on a different thread than the code that precedes or follows it.

This is inherently incompatible with Realm's live object paradigm. Live objects, collections, and realm instances are thread-confined: that is, they are only valid on the thread on which they were created. Practically speaking, this means you cannot pass live instances to other threads. However, Realm offers several mechanisms for sharing objects across threads. These mechanisms typically require your code to do some explicit handling to safely pass data across threads.

You can use some of these mechanisms, such as frozen objects or the ThreadSafeReference, to safely use Realm objects and instances across threads with the await keyword. You can also avoid threading-related issues by marking any asynchronous Realm code with @MainActor to ensure your apps always execute this code on the main thread.

As a general rule, keep in mind that using Realm in an await context without incorporating threading protection may yield inconsistent behavior. Sometimes, the code may succeed. In other cases, it may throw an error related to writing on an incorrect thread.

Many Realm Swift APIs that involve working with an Atlas App Services app or a synchronized realm are compatible with Swift's async/await syntax. For examples, check out:

If you have specific feature requests related to Swift async/await APIs, check out the MongoDB Feedback Engine for Realm. The Realm Swift SDK team plans to continue to develop concurrency-related features based on community feedback and Swift concurrency evolution.

A commonly-requested use case for asynchronous code is to perform write operations in the background without blocking the main thread.

Realm has two APIs that allow for performing asynchronous writes:

  • The writeAsync() API allows for performing async writes using Swift completion handlers.

  • The asyncWrite() API allows for performing async writes using Swift async/await syntax.

Both of these APIs allow you to add, update, or delete objects in the background without using frozen objects or passing a thread-safe reference.

With the writeAsync() API, waiting to obtain the write lock and committing a transaction occur in the background. The write block itself runs on the calling thread. This provides thread-safety without requiring you to manually handle frozen objects or passing references across threads.

However, while the write block itself is executed, this does block new transactions on the calling thread. This means that a large write using the writeAsync() API could block small, quick writes while it executes.

The asyncWrite() API suspends the calling task while waiting for its turn to write rather than blocking the thread. In addition, the actual I/O to write data to disk is done by a background worker thread. For small writes, using this function on the main thread may block the main thread for less time than manually dispatching the write to a background thread.

For more information, including code examples, refer to: Perform a Background Write.

Swift concurrency provides APIs to manage Tasks and TaskGroups. The Swift concurrency documentation defines a task as a unit of work that can be run asynchronously as part of your program. Task allows you to specificially define a unit of asynchronous work. TaskGroup lets you define a collection of Tasks to execute as a unit under the parent TaskGroup.

Tasks and TaskGroups provide the ability to yield the thread to other important work or to cancel a long-running task that could be blocking other operations. To get these benefits, you might be tempted to use Tasks and TaskGroups to manage realm writes in the background.

However, the thread-confined constraints described in Suspending Execution with Await above apply in the Task context. If your Task contains await points, subsequent code might run or resume on a different thread and violate Realm's thread confinement.

You must annotate functions that you run in a Task context with @MainActor to ensure code that accesses Realm only runs on the main thread. This negates some of the benefits of using Tasks, and may mean this is not a good design choice for apps that use Realm unless you are using Tasks solely for networking activities like managing users.

Tip

See also: Use Realm with Swift Actors

The information in this section is applicable to Realm SDK versions earlier than 10.39.0. Starting in Realm Swift SDK version 10.39.0 and newer, the SDK supports using Realm with Swift Actors and related async functionality.

For more information, refer to Use Realm with Actors - Swift SDK.

Actor isolation provides the perception of confining Realm access to a dedicated actor, and therefore seems like a safe way to manage Realm access in an asynchronous context.

However, using Realm in a non-@MainActor async function is currently not supported.

In Swift 5.6, this would often work by coincidence. Execution after an await would continue on whatever thread the awaited thing ran on. Using await Realm() in an async function would result in the code following that running on the main thread until your next call to an actor-isolated function.

Swift 5.7 instead hops threads whenever changing actor isolation contexts. An unisolated async function always runs on a background thread instead.

If you have code which uses await Realm() and works in 5.6, marking the function as @MainActor will make it work with Swift 5.7. It will function how it did - unintentionally - in 5.6.

Most often, the error you see related to accessing Realm through concurrency code is Realm accessed from incorrect thread. This is due to the thread-isolation issues described on this page.

To avoid threading-related issues in code that uses Swift concurrency features:

  • Upgrade to a version of the Realm Swift SDK that supports actor-isolated realms, and use this as an alternative to manually managing threading. For more information, refer to Use Realm with Actors - Swift SDK.

  • Do not change execution contexts when accessing a realm. If you open a realm on the main thread to provide data for your UI, annotate subsequent functions where you access the realm asynchronously with @MainActor to ensure it always runs on the main thread. Remember that await marks a suspension point that could change to a different thread.

  • Apps that do not use actor-isolated realms can use the writeAsync API to perform a background write. This manages realm access in a thread-safe way without requiring you to write specialized code to do it yourself. This is a special API that outsources aspects of the write process - where it is safe to do so - to run in an async context. Unless you are writing to an actor-isolated realm, you do not use this method with Swift's async/await syntax. Use this method synchronously in your code. Alternately, you can use the asyncWrite API with Swift's async/await syntax when awaiting writes to asynchronous realms.

  • If you want to explicitly write concurrency code that is not actor-isolated where accessing a realm is done in a thread-safe way, you can explicitly pass instances across threads where applicable to avoid threading-related crashes. This does require a good understanding of Realm's threading model, as well as being mindful of Swift concurrency threading behaviors.

The Realm Swift SDK public API contains types that fall into three broad categories:

  • Sendable

  • Not Sendable and not thread confined

  • Thread-confined

You can share types that are not Sendable and not thread confined between threads, but you must synchronize them.

Thread-confined types, unless frozen, are confined to an isolation context. You cannot pass them between these contexts even with synchronization.

Sendable
Non-Sendable
Thread-Confined
AnyBSON
RLMAppConfiguration
AnyRealmCollection
AsyncOpen
RLMFindOneAndModifyOptions
AnyRealmValue
AsyncOpenSubscription
RLMFindOptions
List
RLMAPIKeyAuth
RLMNetworkTransport
Map
RLMApp
RLMRequest
MutableSet
RLMAsyncOpenTask
RLMResponse
Projection
RLMChangeStream
RLMSyncConfiguration
RLMArray
RLMCompensatingWriteInfo
RLMSyncTimeoutOptions
RLMChangeStream
RLMCredentials
RLMDictionary
RLMDecimal128
RLMDictionaryChange
RLMEmailPasswordAuth
RLMEmbeddedObject
RLMMaxKey
RLMLinkingObjects
RLMMinKey
RLMObject
RLMMongoClient
RLMPropertyChange
RLMMongoCollection
RLMRealm
RLMMongoDatabase
RLMResults
RLMObjectId
RLMSection
RLMObjectSchema
RLMSectionedResults
RLMProgressNotification
RLMSectionedResultsChangeset
RLMProgressNotificationToken
RLMSet
RLMProperty
RLMSyncSubscription
RLMPropertyDescriptor
RLMSyncSubscriptionSet
RLMProviderClient
RealmOptional
RLMPushClient
RealmProperty
RLMSchema
RLMSortDescriptor
RLMSyncErrorActionToken
RLMSyncManager
RLMSyncSession
RLMThreadSafeReference
RLMUpdateResult
RLMUser
RLMUserAPIKey
RLMUserIdentity
RLMUserProfile
ThreadSafe
←  Use Realm with Actors - Swift SDKTest and Debug - Swift SDK →