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复合运算符

在本指南中,您可以了解如何使用 Rust 驱动程序执行复合操作

复合操作将读取和写入操作的功能组合成一个原子动作。 如果您按顺序执行读取操作和写入操作,有人可能会在操作之间更改您的目标文档,从而导致意外结果。 当您执行复合操作时, MongoDB会在您正在修改的文档上放置写锁(write lock),直到操作完成,从而防止中间数据更改。

您可以使用驱动程序执行以下复合操作:

  • 查找并删除一个文档

  • 查找并更新一个文档

  • 查找并替换一个文档

本指南包括以下部分:

提示

要学习;了解如何一次对多个文档执行原子写入操作,请参阅事务指南。

本指南中的示例使用以下样本文档。 每个文档代表一名学生,并包含有关他们的年龄和就读学校的信息:

{ "name": "Alex Johnson", "age": 8, "school": "Lakeside Elementary" },
{ "name": "Samara Khan", "age": 11, "school": "Rolling Hills Middle School" },
{ "name": "Ben Joseph", "age": 16, "school": "Aurora High School" },
{ "name": "Deanna Porowski", "age": 10, "school": "Lakeside Elementary" }

find_one_and_delete()方法查找并删除与指定查询筛选器匹配的第一个文档。 如果文档与筛选条件匹配,该方法将返回Some类型。 如果没有匹配的文档,则返回None类型。

注意

如果要在查找和删除文档之间执行其他操作,可以调用find_one()方法,然后调用delete_one()方法。

您可以选择通过将FineOneAndDeleteOptions实例作为参数传递来修改find_one_and_delete()方法的行为。 要为每个设置使用默认值,请为 options 参数指定值None

下表描述了FineOneAndDeleteOptions中可用的选项:

选项
说明

max_time

The maximum amount of time in milliseconds that the query can run.

Type: Duration

projection

The projection to use when returning results.

Type: Document
Default: None

sort

The sorting order to use when returning results. By default, the driver returns documents in their natural order, or as they appear in the database. To learn more, see natural order in the Server manual glossary.

Type: Document
Default: None

write_concern

The write concern for the operation. If you don't set this option, the operation inherits the write concern set for the collection. To learn more about write concerns, see Write Concern in the Server manual.

Type: WriteConcern

collation

The collation to use when sorting results. To learn more about collations, see the Collations guide.

Type: Collation
Default: None

hint

The index to use for the operation. To learn more about indexes, see Indexes in the Server manual. This option is available only when connecting to MongoDB Server versions 4.4 and later.

Type: Hint
Default: None

let_vars

A map of parameters and values. You can access these parameters as variables in aggregation expressions. This option is available only when connecting to MongoDB Server versions 5.0 and later.

Type: Document

comment

An arbitrary Bson value tied to the operation to trace it through the database profiler, currentOp, and logs. This option is available only when connecting to MongoDB Server versions 4.4 and later.

Type: Bson
Default: None

Rust 驱动程序实现了用于创建FindOneAndDeleteOptions实例的 Builder 设计模式。 您可以使用该类型的builder()方法,通过逐个链接选项构建器函数来构造选项实例。

以下代码显示如何构造 FindOneAndDeleteOptions 实例,并将其传递给 find_one_and_delete() 方法:

let opts = FindOneAndDeleteOptions::builder().comment(bson!("hello")).build();
let res = my_coll.find_one_and_delete(filter, opts).await?;

以下示例使用find_one_and_delete()方法匹配并删除age字段的值小于或等于10的第一个文档:

let filter = doc! { "age": doc! { "$lte": 10 } };
let res = my_coll.find_one_and_delete(filter, None).await?;
println!("Deleted document:\n{:?}", res);
Deleted document:
Some(Document({"_id": ObjectId("..."),
"name": String("Deanna Porowski"), "age": Int32(10), "school":
String("Lakeside Elementary")}))

find_one_and_update()方法查找并更新与指定查询筛选器匹配的第一个文档。 该操作根据您在更新文档中提供的规范来更新文档。 如果文档与筛选条件匹配,该方法将返回Some类型。 如果没有匹配的文档,则返回None类型。

注意

如果要在查找和更新文档之间执行其他操作,可以调用find_one()方法,然后调用update_one()方法。

您可以选择通过将FindOneAndUpdateOptions实例作为参数传递来修改find_one_and_update()方法的行为。 要为每个设置使用默认值,请为 options 参数指定值None

下表描述了FineOneAndDeleteOptions中可用的选项:

选项
说明

array_filters

The set of filters specifying the array elements to which the update applies.

Type: Vec<Document>

bypass_document_validation

If true, allows the driver to perform a write that violates document-level validation. To learn more about validation, see Schema Validation in the Server manual.

Type: bool
Default: false

max_time

The maximum amount of time in milliseconds that the query can run.

Type: Duration

projection

The projection to use when returning results.

Type: Document
Default: None

return_document

If Before, the operation returns the document before the update. If After, the operation returns the updated document.

Type: ReturnDocument
Default: ReturnDocument::Before

sort

The sorting order to use when returning results. By default, the driver returns documents in their natural order, or as they appear in the database. To learn more, see natural order in the Server manual glossary.

Type: Document
Default: None

upsert

If true, the operation inserts a document if no documents match the query filter.

Type: bool
Default: false

write_concern

The write concern for the operation. If you don't set this option, the operation inherits the write concern set for the collection. To learn more about write concerns, see Write Concern in the Server manual.

Type: WriteConcern

collation

The collation to use when sorting results. To learn more about collations, see the Collations guide.

Type: Collation
Default: None

hint

The index to use for the operation. To learn more about indexes, see Indexes in the Server manual. This option is available only when connecting to MongoDB Server versions 4.4 and later.

Type: Hint
Default: None

let_vars

A map of parameters and values. You can access these parameters as variables in aggregation expressions. This option is available only when connecting to MongoDB Server versions 5.0 and later.

Type: Document

comment

An arbitrary Bson value tied to the operation to trace it through the database profiler, currentOp, and logs. This option is available only when connecting to MongoDB Server versions 4.4 and later.

Type: Bson
Default: None

Rust 驱动程序实现了用于创建FindOneAndUpdateOptions实例的 Builder 设计模式。 您可以使用该类型的builder()方法,通过逐个链接选项构建器方法来构造选项实例。

以下代码显示如何构造 FindOneAndUpdateOptions 实例,并将其传递给 find_one_and_update() 方法:

let opts = FindOneAndUpdateOptions::builder().comment(bson!("hello")).build();
let res = my_coll.find_one_and_update(filter, update, opts).await?;

此示例演示如何使用以下参数调用find_one_and_update()方法:

  • school值为"Aurora High School"的文档匹配的查询筛选器

  • school字段设置为"Durango High School"并将age字段递增1的更新文档

  • 更新返回文档的FindOneAndUpdateOptions实例

let filter = doc! { "school": "Aurora High School" };
let update =
doc! { "$set": doc! { "school": "Durango High School" },
"$inc": doc! { "age": 1 } };
let opts = FindOneAndUpdateOptions::builder()
.return_document(Some(ReturnDocument::After))
.build();
let res = my_coll.find_one_and_update(filter, update, opts).await?;
println!("Updated document:\n{:?}", res);
Updated document:
Some(Document({"_id": ObjectId("..."),
"name": String("Ben Joseph"), "age": Int32(17), "school":
String("Durango High School")}))

find_one_and_replace()方法查找并替换与指定查询筛选器匹配的第一个文档。 此操作会将文档中除_id字段之外的所有字段替换为您提供的字段和值。 如果文档与筛选条件匹配,该方法将返回Some类型。 如果没有匹配的文档,则返回None类型。

注意

如果要在查找和替换文档之间执行其他操作,可以调用find_one()方法,然后调用replace_one()方法。

您可以选择通过将FindOneAndReplaceOptions实例作为参数传递来修改find_one_and_replace()方法的行为。 要为每个设置使用默认值,请为 options 参数指定值None

下表描述了FindOneAndReplaceOptions中可用的选项:

选项
说明

bypass_document_validation

If true, allows the driver to perform a write that violates document-level validation. To learn more about validation, see Schema Validation in the Server manual.

Type: bool
Default: false

max_time

The maximum amount of time in milliseconds that the query can run.

Type: Duration

projection

The projection to use when returning results.

Type: Document
Default: None

return_document

If Before, the operation returns the document before the update. If After, the operation returns the updated document.

Type: ReturnDocument
Default: ReturnDocument::Before

sort

The sorting order to use when returning results. By default, the driver returns documents in their natural order, or as they appear in the database. To learn more, see natural order in the Server manual glossary.

Type: Document
Default: None

upsert

If true, the operation inserts a document if no documents match the query filter.

Type: bool
Default: false

write_concern

The write concern for the operation. If you don't set this option, the operation inherits the write concern set for the collection. To learn more about write concerns, see Write Concern in the Server manual.

Type: WriteConcern

collation

The collation to use when sorting results. To learn more about collations, see the Collations guide.

Type: Collation
Default: None

hint

The index to use for the operation. To learn more about indexes, see Indexes in the Server manual. This option is available only when connecting to MongoDB Server versions 4.4 and later.

Type: Hint
Default: None

let_vars

A map of parameters and values. You can access these parameters as variables in aggregation expressions. This option is available only when connecting to MongoDB Server versions 5.0 and later.

Type: Document

comment

An arbitrary Bson value tied to the operation to trace it through the database profiler, currentOp, and logs. This option is available only when connecting to MongoDB Server versions 4.4 and later.

Type: Bson
Default: None

Rust 驱动程序实现了用于创建FindOneAndReplaceOptions实例的 Builder 设计模式。 您可以使用该类型的builder()方法,通过逐个链接选项构建器函数来构造选项实例。

以下代码显示如何构造 FindOneAndReplaceOptions 实例,并将其传递给 find_one_and_replace() 方法:

let opts = FindOneAndReplaceOptions::builder().comment(bson!("hello")).build();
let res = my_coll.find_one_and_replace(filter, replacement, opts).await?;

此示例演示如何使用以下参数调用find_one_and_replace()方法:

  • 查询过滤器,用于匹配 name 的值包含字符串 "Johnson" 的文档

  • 描述新学生的替换文档

  • 一个实例FindOneAndReplaceOptions,它在替换后返回文档,并仅在输出中的项目nameschool字段

let filter = doc! { "name": doc! { "$regex": "Johnson" } };
let replacement =
doc! { "name": "Toby Fletcher",
"age": 14,
"school": "Durango High School" };
let opts = FindOneAndReplaceOptions::builder()
.return_document(Some(ReturnDocument::After))
.projection(doc! { "name": 1, "school": 1, "_id": 0 })
.build();
let res = my_coll.find_one_and_replace(filter, replacement, opts).await?;
println!("Document after replacement:\n{:?}", res);
Document after replacement:
Some(Document({"name": String("Toby Fletcher"), "school":
String("Durango High School")}))

要了解有关本指南中操作的更多信息,请参阅以下文档:

要进一步了解本指南所提及的方法和类型,请参阅以下 API 文档:

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