Build Your First iOS Mobile App Using Realm, SwiftUI, & Combine

I'm relatively new to building iOS apps (a little over a year's experience), and so I prefer using the latest technologies that make me a more productive developer. That means my preferred app stack looks like this:

This article was updated in July 2021 to replace objc and dynamic with the @Persisted annotation that was introduced in Realm-Cocoa 10.10.0.

Technologies Used by the App

In 🔥	Out ❄️
Swift	Objective C
SwiftUI	UIKit
Combine	RxSwift
Realm	Core Data
MongoDB Realm Sync (where needed)	Home-baked cross-platform data sync

This article presents a simple task management app that I built on that stack. To continue my theme on being productive (lazy), I've borrowed heavily (stolen) from MongoDB's official iOS Swift tutorial:

I've refactored the original front end, adding Combine for event management, and replacing the UIKit ViewControllers with Swift views.
The back end Realm app is entirely unchanged. Note that once you've stood up this back end, then this app can share its data with the equivalent Android, React/JavaScript, and Node.js apps with no changes.

I'm going to focus here on the iOS app. Check the official tutorial if you want to understand how the back end works.

You can download all of the code for the front end app from the GitHub repo.

Prerequisites

I'm lucky that I don't have to support an existing customer base that's running on old versions of iOS, and so I can take advantage of the latest language, operating system, and SDK features:

A Mac (sorry Windows and Linux users)
iOS14+ / XCode 12.2+
- It would be pretty easy to port the app back to iOS13, but iOS14 makes SwiftUI more of a first-class citizen (though there are still times when a more complex app would need to break out into UIKit code—e.g., if you wanted to access the device's camera).
- Apple introduced SwiftUI and Combine in iOS13, and so you'd be better sticking with the original tutorial if you need to support iOS12 or earlier.
Realm Cocoa SDK 10.1+
- Realm Cocoa 10 adds support for Combine and the ability to "Freeze" Realm Objects, making it simpler and safer to embed them directly within SwiftUI views.
- CocoaPods 1.10+

Running the App for Yourself

I always prefer to build and run an app before being presented with code snippets; these are the steps:

If you don't already have Xcode 12 installed, install it through the Apple App Store.
Set up your back end Realm app. Make a note of the ID:
Download the iOS app, install dependencies, and open the workspace in Xcode:
Code Snippetgit clone https://github.com/ClusterDB/task-tracker-swiftui.git cd task-tracker-swiftui pod install --repo-update open task-tracker-swiftui.xcworkspace
Within Xcode, edit task-tracker-swiftui/task_tracker_swiftuiApp.swift and set the Realm application ID to the value you noted in Step 2:
Code Snippetlet app = App(id: "tasktracker-xxxxx")
In Xcode, select an iOS simulator:

Select an iOS simulator in Xcode
Build and run the app using ⌘-R.
Go ahead and play with the app:

Demo of the app in an iOS simulator

Key Pieces of Code

Usually, when people start explaining SwiftUI, they begin with, "You know how you do X with UIKit? With SwiftUI, you do Y instead." But, I'm not going to assume that you're an experienced UIKit developer.

The Root of a SwiftUI App

If you built and ran the app, you've already seen the "root" of the app in swiftui_realmApp.swift:

Code Snippet

app is the Realm application that will be used by our iOS app to store and retrieve data stored in Realm.

SwiftUI works with views, typically embedding many views within other views (a recent iOS app I worked on has over 500 views), and you always start with a top-level view for the app—in this case, ContentView.

Individual views contain their own state (e.g., the details of the task that's currently being edited, or whether a pop-up sheet should be displayed), but we store any app-wide state in the state variable. @ObservedObject is a SwiftUI annotation to indicate that a view should be refreshed whenever particular attributes within an object change. We pass state to ContentView as an environmentOject so that any of the app's views can access it.

Application-Wide State Management

Like other declarative, state-driven frameworks (e.g., React or Vue.js), components/views can pass state up and down the hierarchy. However, it can simplify state management by making some state available application-wide. In this app, we centralize this app-wide state data storage and control in an instance of the AppState class:

Code Snippet

We use shouldIndicateActivity to control whether a "working on it" view should be displayed while the app is busy. error is set whenever we want to display an error message. Both of these variables are annotated with @Published to indicate that referencing views should be refreshed when their values change.

user represents the Realm user that's currently logged into the app.

The app uses the Realm SDK to interact with the back end Realm application to perform actions such as logging into Realm. Those operations can take some time as they involve accessing resources over the internet, and so we don't want the app to sit busy-waiting for a response. Instead, we use "Combine" publishers and subscribers to handle these events. loginPublisher, logoutPublisher, and userRealmPublisher are publishers to handle logging in, logging out, and opening a Realm for a user.

As an example, when an event is sent to loginPublisher to indicate that the login process has completed, Combine will run this pipeline:

Code Snippet

The pipeline receives the freshly-logged-in Realm user.

The receive(on: DispatchQueue.main) stage specifies that the next stage in the pipeline should run in the main thread (because it will update the UI).

The Realm user is passed to the flatMap stage which:

Updates the UI to show that the app is busy.
Opens a Realm for this user (requesting Objects where the partition matches the string "user=\(user.id").
Passes a publisher for the opening of the Realm to the next stage.

The .subscribe stage subscribes the userRealmPublisher to outputs from the publisher it receives from the previous stage. In that way, a pipeline associated with the userRealmPublisher publisher can react to an event indicating when the Realm has been opened.

The .store stage stores the publisher in the cancellables array so that it isn't removed when the init() function completes.

The Object Model

You'll find the Realm object model in the Model group in the Xcode workspace. These are the objects used in the iOS app and synced to MongoDB Atlas in the back end.

The User class represents application users. It inherits from Object which is a class in the Realm SDK and allows instances of the class to be stored in Realm:

Code Snippet

Note that instances of classes that inherit from Object can be used as @ObservedObjects without inheriting from ObservableObject or annotating attributes with @Public.

Summary of the attributes:

_id uniquely identifies a User object. We set it to be the Realm primary key.
_partition is used as the partition key, which can be used by the app to filter which User Objects it wants to access.
name is the username (email address).
membersOf is a Realm List of projects that the user can access. (It always contains its own project, but it may also include other users' projects if those users have added this user to their teams.)

The elements in memberOf are instances of the Project class. Project inherits from EmbeddedObject which means that instances of Project can be embedded within other Realm Objects:

Code Snippet

Summary of the attributes:

name is the project's name.
partition is a string taking the form "project=project-name" where project-name is the _id of the project's owner.

Individual tasks are represented by the Task class:

Code Snippet

Summary of the attributes:

_id uniquely identifies a Task object. We set it to be the Realm primary key.
_partition is used as the partition key, which can be used by the app to filter which Task Objects it wants to access. It takes the form "project=project-id".
name is the task's title.
status takes on the value "Open", "InProgress", or "Complete".

User Authentication

We want app users to only be able to access the tasks from their own project (or the projects of other users who have added them to their team). Our users need to see their tasks when they restart the app or run it on a different device. Realm's username/password authentication is a simple way to enable this.

Recall that our top-level SwiftUI view is ContentView (task-tracker-swiftui/Views/ContentView.swift). ContentView selects whether to show the LoginView or ProjectsView view based on whether a user is already logged into Realm:

Code Snippet

Note that ContentView also renders the state.error message and the ProgressView views. These will kick in whenever a sub-view updates state.

LoginView (task-tracker-swiftui/Views/User Accounts/LoginView.swift) presents a simple form for existing app users to log in:

When the user taps "Log In", the login function is executed:

Code Snippet

login calls app.login (app is the Realm app that we create when the app starts) which returns a Combine publisher. The results from the publisher are passed to a Combine pipeline which updates the UI and sends the resulting Realm user to loginPublisher, which can then complete the process.

If it's a first-time user, then they tap "Register new user" to be taken to SignupView which registers a new user with Realm (app.emailPasswordAuth.registerUser) before popping back to loginView (self.presentationMode.wrappedValue.dismiss()):

Code Snippet

To complete the user lifecycle, LogoutButton logs them out from Realm and then sends an event to logoutPublisher:

Code Snippet

Projects View

After logging in, the user is shown ProjectsView (task-tracker-swiftui/Views/Projects & Tasks/ProjectsView.swift) which displays a list of projects that they're a member of:

Code Snippet

var body: some View {
   VStack(spacing: Dimensions.padding) {
         if let projects = state.user?.memberOf {
            ForEach(projects, id: \.self) { project in
               HStack {
                     LabeledButton(label: project.partition ?? "No partition",
                                    text: project.name ?? "No project name") {
                        showTasks(project)
                     }
               }
            }
         }
         Spacer()
         if let tasksRealm = tasksRealm {
            NavigationLink( destination: TasksView(realm: tasksRealm, projectName: projectName),
                           isActive: $showingTasks) {
               EmptyView() }
         }
   }
   .navigationBarTitle("Projects", displayMode: .inline)
   .toolbar {
         ToolbarItem(placement: .bottomBar) {
            Button(action: { self.showingSheet = true }) {
               ManageTeamButton()
            }
         }
   }
   .sheet(isPresented: $showingSheet) { TeamsView() }
   .padding(.all, Dimensions.padding)
}

Recall that state.user is assigned the data retrieved from Realm when the pipeline associated with userRealmPublisher processes the event forwarded from the login pipeline:

Code Snippet

Each project in the list is a button that invokes showTasks(project):

Code Snippet

showTasks opens a new Realm and then sets up the variables which are passed to TasksView in body (note that the NavigationLink is automatically followed when showingTasks is set to true):

Code Snippet

Tasks View

TasksView (task-tracker-swiftui/Views/Projects & Tasks/TasksView.swift) presents a list of the tasks within the selected project:

Code Snippet

Tasks can be removed from the projects by other instances of the application or directly from Atlas in the back end. SwiftUI tends to crash if an item is removed from a list which is bound to the UI, and so we use Realm's "freeze" feature to isolate the UI from those changes:

Code Snippet

However, TaskView can make changes to a task, and so we need to "unfreeze" Task Objects before passing them in:

Code Snippet

When the view loads, we must fetch the latest list of tasks in the project. We want to refresh the view in the UI whenever the app observes a change in the list of tasks. The loadData function fetches the initial list, and then observes the Realm and updates the lastUpdate field on any changes (which triggers a view refresh):

Code Snippet

To conserve resources, we release the refresh token when leaving this view:

Code Snippet

We delete a task when the user swipes it to the left:

Code Snippet

Task View

TaskView (task-tracker-swiftui/Views/Projects & Tasks/TaskView.swift) is responsible for rendering a Task Object; optionally adding an image and format based on the task status:

Code Snippet

The task in the UI is a button that exposes UpdateTaskView when tapped. That view doesn't cover any new ground, and so I won't dig into it here.

Teams View

A user can add others to their team; all team members can view and edit tasks in the user's project. For the logged-in user to add another member to their team, they need to update that user's User Object. This isn't allowed by the Realm Rules in the back end app. Instead, we make use of Realm Functions that have been configured in the back end to make these changes securely.

TeamsView (task-tracker-swiftui/Views/Teams/TeamsView.swift) presents a list of all the user's teammates:

Code Snippet

var body: some View {
   NavigationView {
         VStack {
            List {
               ForEach(members) { member in
                     LabeledText(label: member.id, text: member.name)
               }
               .onDelete(perform: removeTeamMember)
            }
            Spacer()
         }
         .navigationBarTitle(Text("My Team"), displayMode: .inline)
         .navigationBarItems(
            leading: Button(
               action: { self.presentationMode.wrappedValue.dismiss() }) { Image(systemName: "xmark.circle") },
            trailing: Button(action: { self.showingAddTeamMember = true }) { Image(systemName: "plus.circle.fill")
               .renderingMode(.original)
            }
         )
   }
   .sheet(isPresented: $showingAddTeamMember) {
         // TODO: Not clear why we need to pass in the environmentObject, appears that it may
         // be a bug – should test again in the future.
         AddTeamMemberView(refresh: fetchTeamMembers)
            .environmentObject(state)
   }
   .onAppear(perform: fetchTeamMembers)
}

We invoke a Realm Function to fetch the list of team members, when this view is opened (.onAppear) through the fetchTeamMembers function:

Code Snippet

Swiping left removes a team member using another Realm Function:

Code Snippet

Tapping on the "+" button opens up the AddTeamMemberView sheet/modal, but no new concepts are used there, and so I'll skip it here.

Summary

Our app relies on the latest features in the Realm-Cocoa SDK (notably Combine and freezing objects) to bind the model directly to our SwiftUI views. You may have noticed that we don't have a view model.

We use Realm's username/password functionality and Realm Sync to ensure that each user can work with all of their tasks from any device.

You've seen how the front end app can delegate work to the back end app using Realm Functions. In this case, it was to securely work around the data access rules for the User object; other use-cases for Realm Functions are:

Securely access other network services without exposing credentials in the front end app.
Complex data wrangling using the MongoDB Aggregation Framework.
We've used Apple's Combine framework to handle asynchronous events, such as performing follow-on actions once the back end confirms that a user has been authenticated and logged in.

This iOS app reuses the back end Realm application from the official MongoDB Realm tutorials. This demonstrates how the same data and back end logic can be shared between apps running on iOS, Android, web, Node.js...

References

GitHub Repo for this app
UIKit version of this app
Instructions for setting up the backend Realm app
Freezing Realm Objects
GitHub Repo for Realm-Cocoa SDK
Realm Cocoa SDK documentation
MongoDB's Realm documentation
WildAid O-FISH – an example of a much bigger app built on Realm and MongoDB Realm Sync

If you have questions, please head to our developer community website where the MongoDB engineers and the MongoDB community will help you build your next big idea with MongoDB.

Realm

Build Your First iOS Mobile App Using Realm, SwiftUI, & Combine

Prerequisites

Running the App for Yourself

Key Pieces of Code

The Root of a SwiftUI App

Application-Wide State Management

The Object Model

User Authentication

Projects View

Tasks View

Task View

Teams View

Summary

References

Related

Getting Started with the Realm SDK for Unity

Realm Data Types

Find our Devices - A locator app built using Realm

How to Update Realm SDK Database Schema for Android

Table of Contents