Drivers API

On this page

Callback API vs Core API

Callback API
Core API
Driver Versions
Transaction Error Handling
Additional Information

Callback API vs Core API

The Callback API:

Starts a transaction, executes the specified operations, and commits (or aborts on error).
Automatically incorporates error handling logic for TransientTransactionError and UnknownTransactionCommitResult.

The Core API:

Requires explicit call to start the transaction and commit the transaction.
Does not incorporate error handling logic for TransientTransactionError and UnknownTransactionCommitResult, and instead provides the flexibility to incorporate custom error handling for these errors.

Callback API

The callback API incorporates logic:

To retry the transaction as a whole if the transaction encounters a TransientTransactionError error.
To retry the commit operation if the commit encounters an UnknownTransactionCommitResult error.

Starting in MongoDB 6.0.5, the server does not retry the transaction if it receives a TransactionTooLargeForCache error.

Example

➤ Use the Select your language drop-down menu in the upper-right to set the language of the examples on this page.

Important

Use the MongoDB driver for your MongoDB version.
When using drivers, each operation in the transaction must pass the session to each operation.
Operations in a transaction use transaction-level read concern, transaction-level write concern, and transaction-level read preference.
You can create collections in transactions implicitly or explicitly. See Create Collections and Indexes in a Transaction.

The example uses the new callback API for working with transactions, which starts a transaction, executes the specified operations, and commits (or aborts on error). The new callback API incorporates retry logic for TransientTransactionError or UnknownTransactionCommitResult commit errors.

static bool
with_transaction_example (bson_error_t *error)
{
   mongoc_client_t *client = NULL;
   mongoc_write_concern_t *wc = NULL;
   mongoc_collection_t *coll = NULL;
   bool success = false;
   bool ret = false;
   bson_t *doc = NULL;
   bson_t *insert_opts = NULL;
   mongoc_client_session_t *session = NULL;
   mongoc_transaction_opt_t *txn_opts = NULL;
   /* For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the
    * members in the URI string; e.g.
    * uri_repl = "mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:" \
    *    "27017/?replicaSet=myRepl";
    * client = mongoc_client_new (uri_repl);
    * For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
    * uri_sharded =
    * "mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/";
    * client = mongoc_client_new (uri_sharded);
    */
   client = get_client ();
   /* Prereq: Create collections. Note Atlas connection strings include a majority write
    * concern by default.
    */
   wc = mongoc_write_concern_new ();
   mongoc_write_concern_set_wmajority (wc, 0);
   insert_opts = bson_new ();
   mongoc_write_concern_append (wc, insert_opts);
   coll = mongoc_client_get_collection (client, "mydb1", "foo");
   doc = BCON_NEW ("abc", BCON_INT32 (0));
   ret = mongoc_collection_insert_one (coll, doc, insert_opts, NULL /* reply */, error);
   if (!ret) {
      goto fail;
   }
   bson_destroy (doc);
   mongoc_collection_destroy (coll);
   coll = mongoc_client_get_collection (client, "mydb2", "bar");
   doc = BCON_NEW ("xyz", BCON_INT32 (0));
   ret = mongoc_collection_insert_one (coll, doc, insert_opts, NULL /* reply */, error);
   if (!ret) {
      goto fail;
   }
   /* Step 1: Start a client session. */
   session = mongoc_client_start_session (client, NULL /* opts */, error);
   if (!session) {
      goto fail;
   }
   /* Step 2: Optional. Define options to use for the transaction. */
   txn_opts = mongoc_transaction_opts_new ();
   mongoc_transaction_opts_set_write_concern (txn_opts, wc);
   /* Step 3: Use mongoc_client_session_with_transaction to start a transaction,
    * execute the callback, and commit (or abort on error). */
   ret = mongoc_client_session_with_transaction (session, callback, txn_opts, NULL /* ctx */, NULL /* reply */, error);
   if (!ret) {
      goto fail;
   }
   success = true;
fail:
   bson_destroy (doc);
   mongoc_collection_destroy (coll);
   bson_destroy (insert_opts);
   mongoc_write_concern_destroy (wc);
   mongoc_transaction_opts_destroy (txn_opts);
   mongoc_client_session_destroy (session);
   mongoc_client_destroy (client);
   return success;
}
/* Define the callback that specifies the sequence of operations to perform
 * inside the transactions. */
static bool
callback (mongoc_client_session_t *session, void *ctx, bson_t **reply, bson_error_t *error)
{
   mongoc_client_t *client = NULL;
   mongoc_collection_t *coll = NULL;
   bson_t *doc = NULL;
   bool success = false;
   bool ret = false;
   BSON_UNUSED (ctx);
   client = mongoc_client_session_get_client (session);
   coll = mongoc_client_get_collection (client, "mydb1", "foo");
   doc = BCON_NEW ("abc", BCON_INT32 (1));
   ret = mongoc_collection_insert_one (coll, doc, NULL /* opts */, *reply, error);
   if (!ret) {
      goto fail;
   }
   bson_destroy (doc);
   mongoc_collection_destroy (coll);
   coll = mongoc_client_get_collection (client, "mydb2", "bar");
   doc = BCON_NEW ("xyz", BCON_INT32 (999));
   ret = mongoc_collection_insert_one (coll, doc, NULL /* opts */, *reply, error);
   if (!ret) {
      goto fail;
   }
   success = true;
fail:
   mongoc_collection_destroy (coll);
   bson_destroy (doc);
   return success;
}

Important

Use the MongoDB driver for your MongoDB version.
When using drivers, each operation in the transaction must pass the session to each operation.
Operations in a transaction use transaction-level read concern, transaction-level write concern, and transaction-level read preference.
You can create collections in transactions implicitly or explicitly. See Create Collections and Indexes in a Transaction.

// The mongocxx::instance constructor and destructor initialize and shut down the driver,
// respectively. Therefore, a mongocxx::instance must be created before using the driver and
// must remain alive for as long as the driver is in use.
mongocxx::instance inst{};
// For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI
// string; e.g.
// uriString =
// 'mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl'
// For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
// uriString = 'mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/'
mongocxx::client client{mongocxx::uri{"mongodb://localhost/?replicaSet=replset"}};
write_concern wc_majority{};
wc_majority.acknowledge_level(write_concern::level::k_majority);
read_concern rc_local{};
rc_local.acknowledge_level(read_concern::level::k_local);
read_preference rp_primary{};
rp_primary.mode(read_preference::read_mode::k_primary);
// Prereq: Create collections.
auto foo = client["mydb1"]["foo"];
auto bar = client["mydb2"]["bar"];
try {
    options::insert opts;
    opts.write_concern(wc_majority);
    foo.insert_one(make_document(kvp("abc", 0)), opts);
    bar.insert_one(make_document(kvp("xyz", 0)), opts);
} catch (const mongocxx::exception& e) {
    std::cout << "An exception occurred while inserting: " << e.what() << std::endl;
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
// Step 1: Define the callback that specifies the sequence of operations to perform inside the
// transactions.
client_session::with_transaction_cb callback = [&](client_session* session) {
    // Important::  You must pass the session to the operations.
    foo.insert_one(*session, make_document(kvp("abc", 1)));
    bar.insert_one(*session, make_document(kvp("xyz", 999)));
};
// Step 2: Start a client session
auto session = client.start_session();
// Step 3: Use with_transaction to start a transaction, execute the callback,
// and commit (or abort on error).
try {
    options::transaction opts;
    opts.write_concern(wc_majority);
    opts.read_concern(rc_local);
    opts.read_preference(rp_primary);
    session.with_transaction(callback, opts);
} catch (const mongocxx::exception& e) {
    std::cout << "An exception occurred: " << e.what() << std::endl;
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;

Important

Use the MongoDB driver for your MongoDB version.
When using drivers, each operation in the transaction must pass the session to each operation.
Operations in a transaction use transaction-level read concern, transaction-level write concern, and transaction-level read preference.
You can create collections in transactions implicitly or explicitly. See Create Collections and Indexes in a Transaction.

// For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
// string uri = "mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl";
// For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
// string uri = "mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/";
var client = new MongoClient(connectionString);
// Prereq: Create collections.
var database1 = client.GetDatabase("mydb1");
var collection1 = database1.GetCollection<BsonDocument>("foo").WithWriteConcern(WriteConcern.WMajority);
collection1.InsertOne(new BsonDocument("abc", 0));
var database2 = client.GetDatabase("mydb2");
var collection2 = database2.GetCollection<BsonDocument>("bar").WithWriteConcern(WriteConcern.WMajority);
collection2.InsertOne(new BsonDocument("xyz", 0));
// Step 1: Start a client session.
using (var session = client.StartSession())
{
    // Step 2: Optional. Define options to use for the transaction.
    var transactionOptions = new TransactionOptions(
        writeConcern: WriteConcern.WMajority);
    // Step 3: Define the sequence of operations to perform inside the transactions
    var cancellationToken = CancellationToken.None; // normally a real token would be used
    result = session.WithTransaction(
        (s, ct) =>
        {
            try
            {
                collection1.InsertOne(s, new BsonDocument("abc", 1), cancellationToken: ct);
                collection2.InsertOne(s, new BsonDocument("xyz", 999), cancellationToken: ct);
            }
            catch (MongoWriteException)
            {
                // Do something in response to the exception
                throw; // NOTE: You must rethrow the exception otherwise an infinite loop can occur.
            }
            return "Inserted into collections in different databases";
        },
        transactionOptions,
        cancellationToken);
}

Important

Use the MongoDB driver for your MongoDB version.
When using drivers, each operation in the transaction must pass the session to each operation.
Operations in a transaction use transaction-level read concern, transaction-level write concern, and transaction-level read preference.
You can create collections in transactions implicitly or explicitly. See Create Collections and Indexes in a Transaction.

// WithTransactionExample is an example of using the Session.WithTransaction function.
func WithTransactionExample(ctx context.Context) error {
	// For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
	// uri := "mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl"
	// For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
	// uri := "mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/"
	uri := mtest.ClusterURI()
	clientOpts := options.Client().ApplyURI(uri)
	client, err := mongo.Connect(clientOpts)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer func() { _ = client.Disconnect(ctx) }()
	// Prereq: Create collections.
	wcMajority := writeconcern.Majority()
	wcMajorityCollectionOpts := options.Collection().SetWriteConcern(wcMajority)
	fooColl := client.Database("mydb1").Collection("foo", wcMajorityCollectionOpts)
	barColl := client.Database("mydb1").Collection("bar", wcMajorityCollectionOpts)
	// Step 1: Define the callback that specifies the sequence of operations to perform inside the transaction.
	callback := func(sesctx context.Context) (interface{}, error) {
		// Important: You must pass sesctx as the Context parameter to the operations for them to be executed in the
		// transaction.
		if _, err := fooColl.InsertOne(sesctx, bson.D{{"abc", 1}}); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		if _, err := barColl.InsertOne(sesctx, bson.D{{"xyz", 999}}); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		return nil, nil
	}
	// Step 2: Start a session and run the callback using WithTransaction.
	session, err := client.StartSession()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer session.EndSession(ctx)
	result, err := session.WithTransaction(ctx, callback)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	log.Printf("result: %v\n", result)
	return nil
}

Important

Use the MongoDB driver for your MongoDB version.
When using drivers, each operation in the transaction must pass the session to each operation.
Operations in a transaction use transaction-level read concern, transaction-level write concern, and transaction-level read preference.
You can create collections in transactions implicitly or explicitly. See Create Collections and Indexes in a Transaction.

/*
For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
String uri = "mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/admin?replicaSet=myRepl";
For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
String uri = "mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017:27017/admin";
*/
final MongoClient client = MongoClients.create(uri);
/*
   Create collections.
*/
client.getDatabase("mydb1").getCollection("foo")
      .withWriteConcern(WriteConcern.MAJORITY).insertOne( new Document("abc", 0));
client.getDatabase("mydb2").getCollection("bar")
      .withWriteConcern(WriteConcern.MAJORITY).insertOne( new Document("xyz", 0));
/* Step 1: Start a client session. */
final ClientSession clientSession = client.startSession();
/* Step 2: Optional. Define options to use for the transaction. */
TransactionOptions txnOptions = TransactionOptions.builder()
      .readPreference(ReadPreference.primary())
      .readConcern(ReadConcern.LOCAL)
      .writeConcern(WriteConcern.MAJORITY)
      .build();
/* Step 3: Define the sequence of operations to perform inside the transactions. */
TransactionBody txnBody = new TransactionBody<String>() {
   public String execute() {
      MongoCollection<Document> coll1 = client.getDatabase("mydb1").getCollection("foo");
      MongoCollection<Document> coll2 = client.getDatabase("mydb2").getCollection("bar");
      /*
         Important:: You must pass the session to the operations..
         */
      coll1.insertOne(clientSession, new Document("abc", 1));
      coll2.insertOne(clientSession, new Document("xyz", 999));
      return "Inserted into collections in different databases";
   }
};
try {
   /*
      Step 4: Use .withTransaction() to start a transaction,
      execute the callback, and commit (or abort on error).
   */
   clientSession.withTransaction(txnBody, txnOptions);
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
   // some error handling
} finally {
   clientSession.close();
}

Important

Use the MongoDB driver for your MongoDB version.
When using drivers, each operation in the transaction must pass the session to each operation.
Operations in a transaction use transaction-level read concern, transaction-level write concern, and transaction-level read preference.
You can create collections in transactions implicitly or explicitly. See Create Collections and Indexes in a Transaction.

# For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
# uriString = 'mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl'
# For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
# uriString = 'mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/'
client = AsyncIOMotorClient(uriString)
wc_majority = WriteConcern("majority", wtimeout=1000)
# Prereq: Create collections.
await client.get_database("mydb1", write_concern=wc_majority).foo.insert_one({"abc": 0})
await client.get_database("mydb2", write_concern=wc_majority).bar.insert_one({"xyz": 0})
# Step 1: Define the callback that specifies the sequence of operations to perform inside the transactions.
async def callback(my_session):
    collection_one = my_session.client.mydb1.foo
    collection_two = my_session.client.mydb2.bar
    # Important:: You must pass the session to the operations.
    await collection_one.insert_one({"abc": 1}, session=my_session)
    await collection_two.insert_one({"xyz": 999}, session=my_session)
# Step 2: Start a client session.
async with await client.start_session() as session:
    # Step 3: Use with_transaction to start a transaction, execute the callback, and commit (or abort on error).
    await session.with_transaction(
        callback,
        read_concern=ReadConcern("local"),
        write_concern=wc_majority,
        read_preference=ReadPreference.PRIMARY,
    )

Important

Use the MongoDB driver for your MongoDB version.
When using drivers, each operation in the transaction must pass the session to each operation.
Operations in a transaction use transaction-level read concern, transaction-level write concern, and transaction-level read preference.
You can create collections in transactions implicitly or explicitly. See Create Collections and Indexes in a Transaction.

  // For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
  // const uri = 'mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl'
  // For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
  // const uri = 'mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/'
  const client = new MongoClient(uri);
  await client.connect();
  // Prereq: Create collections.
  await client
    .db('mydb1')
    .collection('foo')
    .insertOne({ abc: 0 }, { writeConcern: { w: 'majority' } });
  await client
    .db('mydb2')
    .collection('bar')
    .insertOne({ xyz: 0 }, { writeConcern: { w: 'majority' } });
  // Step 1: Start a Client Session
  const session = client.startSession();
  // Step 2: Optional. Define options to use for the transaction
  const transactionOptions = {
    readPreference: 'primary',
    readConcern: { level: 'local' },
    writeConcern: { w: 'majority' }
  };
  // Step 3: Use withTransaction to start a transaction, execute the callback, and commit (or abort on error)
  // Note: The callback for withTransaction MUST be async and/or return a Promise.
  try {
    await session.withTransaction(async () => {
      const coll1 = client.db('mydb1').collection('foo');
      const coll2 = client.db('mydb2').collection('bar');
      // Important:: You must pass the session to the operations
      await coll1.insertOne({ abc: 1 }, { session });
      await coll2.insertOne({ xyz: 999 }, { session });
    }, transactionOptions);
  } finally {
    await session.endSession();
    await client.close();
  }

Note

For the Perl driver, see the Core API usage example instead.

Important

Use the MongoDB driver for your MongoDB version.
When using drivers, each operation in the transaction must pass the session to each operation.
Operations in a transaction use transaction-level read concern, transaction-level write concern, and transaction-level read preference.
You can create collections in transactions implicitly or explicitly. See Create Collections and Indexes in a Transaction.

/*
 * For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
 * uriString = 'mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl'
 * For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
 * uriString = 'mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/'
 */
$client = new \MongoDB\Client($uriString);
// Prerequisite: Create collections.
$client->selectCollection(
    'mydb1',
    'foo',
    [
        'writeConcern' => new \MongoDB\Driver\WriteConcern(\MongoDB\Driver\WriteConcern::MAJORITY, 1000),
    ],
)->insertOne(['abc' => 0]);
$client->selectCollection(
    'mydb2',
    'bar',
    [
        'writeConcern' => new \MongoDB\Driver\WriteConcern(\MongoDB\Driver\WriteConcern::MAJORITY, 1000),
    ],
)->insertOne(['xyz' => 0]);
// Step 1: Define the callback that specifies the sequence of operations to perform inside the transactions.
$callback = function (\MongoDB\Driver\Session $session) use ($client): void {
    $client
        ->selectCollection('mydb1', 'foo')
        ->insertOne(['abc' => 1], ['session' => $session]);
    $client
        ->selectCollection('mydb2', 'bar')
        ->insertOne(['xyz' => 999], ['session' => $session]);
};
// Step 2: Start a client session.
$session = $client->startSession();
// Step 3: Use with_transaction to start a transaction, execute the callback, and commit (or abort on error).
\MongoDB\with_transaction($session, $callback);

Important

Use the MongoDB driver for your MongoDB version.
When using drivers, each operation in the transaction must pass the session to each operation.
Operations in a transaction use transaction-level read concern, transaction-level write concern, and transaction-level read preference.
You can create collections in transactions implicitly or explicitly. See Create Collections and Indexes in a Transaction.

# For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
# uriString = 'mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl'
# For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
# uriString = 'mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/'
client = MongoClient(uriString)
wc_majority = WriteConcern("majority", wtimeout=1000)
# Prereq: Create collections.
client.get_database("mydb1", write_concern=wc_majority).foo.insert_one({"abc": 0})
client.get_database("mydb2", write_concern=wc_majority).bar.insert_one({"xyz": 0})
# Step 1: Define the callback that specifies the sequence of operations to perform inside the transactions.
def callback(session):
    collection_one = session.client.mydb1.foo
    collection_two = session.client.mydb2.bar
    # Important:: You must pass the session to the operations.
    collection_one.insert_one({"abc": 1}, session=session)
    collection_two.insert_one({"xyz": 999}, session=session)
# Step 2: Start a client session.
with client.start_session() as session:
    # Step 3: Use with_transaction to start a transaction, execute the callback, and commit (or abort on error).
    session.with_transaction(
        callback,
        read_concern=ReadConcern("local"),
        write_concern=wc_majority,
        read_preference=ReadPreference.PRIMARY,
    )

Important

Use the MongoDB driver for your MongoDB version.
When using drivers, each operation in the transaction must pass the session to each operation.
Operations in a transaction use transaction-level read concern, transaction-level write concern, and transaction-level read preference.
You can create collections in transactions implicitly or explicitly. See Create Collections and Indexes in a Transaction.

# For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
# uriString = 'mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl'
# For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
# uri_string = 'mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/'
client = Mongo::Client.new(uri_string, write_concern: {w: :majority, wtimeout: 1000})
# Prereq: Create collections.
client.use('mydb1')['foo'].insert_one(abc: 0)
client.use('mydb2')['bar'].insert_one(xyz: 0)
# Step 1: Define the callback that specifies the sequence of operations to perform inside the transactions.
callback = Proc.new do |my_session|
  collection_one = client.use('mydb1')['foo']
  collection_two = client.use('mydb2')['bar']
  # Important: You must pass the session to the operations.
  collection_one.insert_one({'abc': 1}, session: my_session)
  collection_two.insert_one({'xyz': 999}, session: my_session)
end
#. Step 2: Start a client session.
session = client.start_session
# Step 3: Use with_transaction to start a transaction, execute the callback, and commit (or abort on error).
session.with_transaction(
  read_concern: {level: :local},
  write_concern: {w: :majority, wtimeout: 1000},
  read: {mode: :primary},
  &callback)

Note

For the Scala driver, see the Core API usage example instead.

Core API

The core transaction API does not incorporate retry logic for errors labeled:

TransientTransactionError. If an operation in a transaction returns an error labeled TransientTransactionError, the transaction as a whole can be retried.
To handle TransientTransactionError, applications should explicitly incorporate retry logic for the error.
UnknownTransactionCommitResult. If the commit returns an error labeled UnknownTransactionCommitResult, the commit can be retried.
To handle UnknownTransactionCommitResult, applications should explicitly incorporate retry logic for the error.

Example

➤ Use the Select your language drop-down menu in the upper-right to set the language of the examples on this page.

The following example incorporates logic to retry the transaction for transient errors and retry the commit for unknown commit error:

/* takes a session, an out-param for server reply, and out-param for error. */
typedef bool (*txn_func_t) (mongoc_client_session_t *, bson_t *, bson_error_t *);
/* runs transactions with retry logic */
bool
run_transaction_with_retry (txn_func_t txn_func, mongoc_client_session_t *cs, bson_error_t *error)
{
   bson_t reply;
   bool r;
   while (true) {
      /* perform transaction */
      r = txn_func (cs, &reply, error);
      if (r) {
         /* success */
         bson_destroy (&reply);
         return true;
      }
      MONGOC_WARNING ("Transaction aborted: %s", error->message);
      if (mongoc_error_has_label (&reply, "TransientTransactionError")) {
         /* on transient error, retry the whole transaction */
         MONGOC_WARNING ("TransientTransactionError, retrying transaction...");
         bson_destroy (&reply);
      } else {
         /* non-transient error */
         break;
      }
   }
   bson_destroy (&reply);
   return false;
}
/* commit transactions with retry logic */
bool
commit_with_retry (mongoc_client_session_t *cs, bson_error_t *error)
{
   bson_t reply;
   bool r;
   while (true) {
      /* commit uses write concern set at transaction start, see
       * mongoc_transaction_opts_set_write_concern */
      r = mongoc_client_session_commit_transaction (cs, &reply, error);
      if (r) {
         MONGOC_INFO ("Transaction committed");
         break;
      }
      if (mongoc_error_has_label (&reply, "UnknownTransactionCommitResult")) {
         MONGOC_WARNING ("UnknownTransactionCommitResult, retrying commit ...");
         bson_destroy (&reply);
      } else {
         /* commit failed, cannot retry */
         break;
      }
   }
   bson_destroy (&reply);
   return r;
}
/* updates two collections in a transaction and calls commit_with_retry */
bool
update_employee_info (mongoc_client_session_t *cs, bson_t *reply, bson_error_t *error)
{
   mongoc_client_t *client;
   mongoc_collection_t *employees;
   mongoc_collection_t *events;
   mongoc_read_concern_t *rc;
   mongoc_write_concern_t *wc;
   mongoc_transaction_opt_t *txn_opts;
   bson_t opts = BSON_INITIALIZER;
   bson_t *filter = NULL;
   bson_t *update = NULL;
   bson_t *event = NULL;
   bool r;
   bson_init (reply);
   client = mongoc_client_session_get_client (cs);
   employees = mongoc_client_get_collection (client, "hr", "employees");
   events = mongoc_client_get_collection (client, "reporting", "events");
   rc = mongoc_read_concern_new ();
   mongoc_read_concern_set_level (rc, MONGOC_READ_CONCERN_LEVEL_SNAPSHOT);
   wc = mongoc_write_concern_new ();
   mongoc_write_concern_set_w (
      wc, MONGOC_WRITE_CONCERN_W_MAJORITY); /* Atlas connection strings include majority by default*/
   txn_opts = mongoc_transaction_opts_new ();
   mongoc_transaction_opts_set_read_concern (txn_opts, rc);
   mongoc_transaction_opts_set_write_concern (txn_opts, wc);
   r = mongoc_client_session_start_transaction (cs, txn_opts, error);
   if (!r) {
      goto done;
   }
   r = mongoc_client_session_append (cs, &opts, error);
   if (!r) {
      goto done;
   }
   filter = BCON_NEW ("employee", BCON_INT32 (3));
   update = BCON_NEW ("$set", "{", "status", "Inactive", "}");
   /* mongoc_collection_update_one will reinitialize reply */
   bson_destroy (reply);
   r = mongoc_collection_update_one (employees, filter, update, &opts, reply, error);
   if (!r) {
      goto abort;
   }
   event = BCON_NEW ("employee", BCON_INT32 (3));
   BCON_APPEND (event, "status", "{", "new", "Inactive", "old", "Active", "}");
   bson_destroy (reply);
   r = mongoc_collection_insert_one (events, event, &opts, reply, error);
   if (!r) {
      goto abort;
   }
   r = commit_with_retry (cs, error);
abort:
   if (!r) {
      MONGOC_ERROR ("Aborting due to error in transaction: %s", error->message);
      mongoc_client_session_abort_transaction (cs, NULL);
   }
done:
   mongoc_collection_destroy (employees);
   mongoc_collection_destroy (events);
   mongoc_read_concern_destroy (rc);
   mongoc_write_concern_destroy (wc);
   mongoc_transaction_opts_destroy (txn_opts);
   bson_destroy (&opts);
   bson_destroy (filter);
   bson_destroy (update);
   bson_destroy (event);
   return r;
}
void
example_func (mongoc_client_t *client)
{
   mongoc_client_session_t *cs;
   bson_error_t error;
   bool r;
   ASSERT (client);
   cs = mongoc_client_start_session (client, NULL, &error);
   if (!cs) {
      MONGOC_ERROR ("Could not start session: %s", error.message);
      return;
   }
   r = run_transaction_with_retry (update_employee_info, cs, &error);
   if (!r) {
      MONGOC_ERROR ("Could not update employee, permanent error: %s", error.message);
   }
   mongoc_client_session_destroy (cs);
}

using transaction_func = std::function<void(client_session & session)>;
auto run_transaction_with_retry = [](transaction_func txn_func, client_session& session) {
    while (true) {
        try {
            txn_func(session);  // performs transaction.
            break;
        } catch (const operation_exception& oe) {
            std::cout << "Transaction aborted. Caught exception during transaction."
                      << std::endl;
            // If transient error, retry the whole transaction.
            if (oe.has_error_label("TransientTransactionError")) {
                std::cout << "TransientTransactionError, retrying transaction ..."
                          << std::endl;
                continue;
            } else {
                throw oe;
            }
        }
    }
};
auto commit_with_retry = [](client_session& session) {
    while (true) {
        try {
            session.commit_transaction();  // Uses write concern set at transaction start.
            std::cout << "Transaction committed." << std::endl;
            break;
        } catch (const operation_exception& oe) {
            // Can retry commit
            if (oe.has_error_label("UnknownTransactionCommitResult")) {
                std::cout << "UnknownTransactionCommitResult, retrying commit operation ..."
                          << std::endl;
                continue;
            } else {
                std::cout << "Error during commit ..." << std::endl;
                throw oe;
            }
        }
    }
};
// Updates two collections in a transaction
auto update_employee_info = [&](client_session& session) {
    auto& client = session.client();
    auto employees = client["hr"]["employees"];
    auto events = client["reporting"]["events"];
    options::transaction txn_opts;
    read_concern rc;
    rc.acknowledge_level(read_concern::level::k_snapshot);
    txn_opts.read_concern(rc);
    write_concern wc;
    wc.acknowledge_level(write_concern::level::k_majority);
    txn_opts.write_concern(wc);
    session.start_transaction(txn_opts);
    try {
        employees.update_one(
            make_document(kvp("employee", 3)),
            make_document(kvp("$set", make_document(kvp("status", "Inactive")))));
        events.insert_one(make_document(
            kvp("employee", 3),
            kvp("status", make_document(kvp("new", "Inactive"), kvp("old", "Active")))));
    } catch (const operation_exception& oe) {
        std::cout << "Caught exception during transaction, aborting." << std::endl;
        session.abort_transaction();
        throw oe;
    }
    commit_with_retry(session);
};
auto session = client.start_session();
try {
    run_transaction_with_retry(update_employee_info, session);
} catch (const operation_exception& oe) {
    // Do something with error.
    throw oe;
}

public void RunTransactionWithRetry(Action<IMongoClient, IClientSessionHandle> txnFunc, IMongoClient client, IClientSessionHandle session)
{
    while (true)
    {
        try
        {
            txnFunc(client, session); // performs transaction
            break;
        }
        catch (MongoException exception)
        {
            // if transient error, retry the whole transaction
            if (exception.HasErrorLabel("TransientTransactionError"))
            {
                Console.WriteLine("TransientTransactionError, retrying transaction.");
                continue;
            }
            else
            {
                throw;
            }
        }
    }
}
public void CommitWithRetry(IClientSessionHandle session)
{
    while (true)
    {
        try
        {
            session.CommitTransaction();
            Console.WriteLine("Transaction committed.");
            break;
        }
        catch (MongoException exception)
        {
            // can retry commit
            if (exception.HasErrorLabel("UnknownTransactionCommitResult"))
            {
                Console.WriteLine("UnknownTransactionCommitResult, retrying commit operation");
                continue;
            }
            else
            {
                Console.WriteLine($"Error during commit: {exception.Message}.");
                throw;
            }
        }
    }
}
// updates two collections in a transaction
public void UpdateEmployeeInfo(IMongoClient client, IClientSessionHandle session)
{
    var employeesCollection = client.GetDatabase("hr").GetCollection<BsonDocument>("employees");
    var eventsCollection = client.GetDatabase("reporting").GetCollection<BsonDocument>("events");
    session.StartTransaction(new TransactionOptions(
        readConcern: ReadConcern.Snapshot,
        writeConcern: WriteConcern.WMajority));
    try
    {
        employeesCollection.UpdateOne(
            session,
            Builders<BsonDocument>.Filter.Eq("employee", 3),
            Builders<BsonDocument>.Update.Set("status", "Inactive"));
        eventsCollection.InsertOne(
            session,
            new BsonDocument
            {
                { "employee", 3 },
                { "status", new BsonDocument { { "new", "Inactive" }, { "old", "Active" } } }
            });
    }
    catch (Exception exception)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Caught exception during transaction, aborting: {exception.Message}.");
        session.AbortTransaction();
        throw;
    }
    CommitWithRetry(session);
}
public void UpdateEmployeeInfoWithTransactionRetry(IMongoClient client)
{
    // start a session
    using (var session = client.StartSession())
    {
        try
        {
            RunTransactionWithRetry(UpdateEmployeeInfo, client, session);
        }
        catch (Exception exception)
        {
            // do something with error
            Console.WriteLine($"Non transient exception caught during transaction: ${exception.Message}.");
        }
    }
}

	runTransactionWithRetry := func(ctx context.Context, txnFn func(context.Context) error) error {
		for {
			err := txnFn(ctx) // Performs transaction.
			if err == nil {
				return nil
			}
			log.Println("Transaction aborted. Caught exception during transaction.")
			// If transient error, retry the whole transaction
			if cmdErr, ok := err.(mongo.CommandError); ok && cmdErr.HasErrorLabel("TransientTransactionError") {
				log.Println("TransientTransactionError, retrying transaction...")
				continue
			}
			return err
		}
	}
	commitWithRetry := func(ctx context.Context) error {
		sess := mongo.SessionFromContext(ctx)
		for {
			err := sess.CommitTransaction(ctx)
			switch e := err.(type) {
			case nil:
				log.Println("Transaction committed.")
				return nil
			case mongo.CommandError:
				// Can retry commit
				if e.HasErrorLabel("UnknownTransactionCommitResult") {
					log.Println("UnknownTransactionCommitResult, retrying commit operation...")
					continue
				}
				log.Println("Error during commit...")
				return e
			default:
				log.Println("Error during commit...")
				return e
			}
		}
	}
	// Updates two collections in a transaction.
	updateEmployeeInfo := func(ctx context.Context) error {
		employees := client.Database("hr").Collection("employees")
		events := client.Database("reporting").Collection("events")
		sess := mongo.SessionFromContext(ctx)
		err := sess.StartTransaction(options.Transaction().
			SetReadConcern(readconcern.Snapshot()).
			SetWriteConcern(writeconcern.Majority()),
		)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		_, err = employees.UpdateOne(ctx, bson.D{{"employee", 3}}, bson.D{{"$set", bson.D{{"status", "Inactive"}}}})
		if err != nil {
			sess.AbortTransaction(ctx)
			log.Println("caught exception during transaction, aborting.")
			return err
		}
		_, err = events.InsertOne(ctx, bson.D{{"employee", 3}, {"status", bson.D{{"new", "Inactive"}, {"old", "Active"}}}})
		if err != nil {
			sess.AbortTransaction(ctx)
			log.Println("caught exception during transaction, aborting.")
			return err
		}
		return commitWithRetry(ctx)
	}
	txnOpts := options.Transaction().SetReadPreference(readpref.Primary())
	return client.UseSessionWithOptions(
		ctx, options.Session().SetDefaultTransactionOptions(txnOpts),
		func(ctx context.Context) error {
			return runTransactionWithRetry(ctx, updateEmployeeInfo)
		},
	)
}