The Journey of #100DaysOfCode (@Amir_BouGhanem)

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟮𝟬 - 𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁.𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗛𝗧𝗠𝗟

Hello everyone! It is day 20 of the 100 days of code challenge. We’re 1/5 of the way there! For the next couple of days, I will be tackling some important JavaScript element content manipulation properties we can use to dynamically change the content of our HTML elements.
Today, I will be talking about .𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗛𝗧𝗠𝗟. As the name implies, . 𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗛𝗧𝗠𝗟 allows us to alter the HTML inside of our element. Remember when we recently talked about template literals? Well, .innerHTML is vital in order for us to take advantage of interpolation and insert variable values into our element content. To help explain it better, I have provided an image that explains what .innerHTML can do and how it is used.

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟮𝟭 - 𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁.𝘁𝗲𝘅𝘁𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗻𝘁

.𝘁𝗲𝘅𝘁𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗻𝘁 is a property in JavaScript that is used to get or set the text content of an element. There are a few things to note about this property:

• It includes all text content in the element and its descendants, but not the HTML tags.
• It is generally more secure to use .𝘁𝗲𝘅𝘁𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗻𝘁 when inserting user-generated content, as to avoid the risk of executing malicious HTML scripts.

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟮𝟮 - 𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁.𝘀𝗲𝘁𝗔𝘁𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗯𝘂𝘁𝗲()

The 𝘀𝗲𝘁𝗔𝘁𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗯𝘂𝘁𝗲() method in JavaScript is used to add a new attribute or change the value of an existing attribute on an HTML element. It takes two arguments: the name of the attribute and the value you want to set for that attribute.

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟮𝟯 - 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝗝𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗦𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁
The “𝗰𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁” property in JavaScript is a read-only property that returns a live collection of an element’s classes. It is useful for manipulating an element’s classes without having to work with string such as className.
Here are some of the methods we can use with “𝗰𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁”:

1. add(): Adds one or more classes to the element.
2. remove(): Removes one or more classes from the element.
3. toggle(): Toggles the existing class. If is present, removes it, else, it adds it.
4. contains(): Boolean. Returns ‘true’ if the element contains the specified class; otherwise, returns ‘false’.
5. replace(oldClass, newClass): Replaces an existing class with a new one.

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟮𝟰 - 𝗘𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗿𝘀

𝗘𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗿𝘀 in JavaScript are functions that wait for an event to occur on a particular element (like a button or a div) and then execute a specified function when the event happens!
They are necessary and vital when it comes to adding dynamic actions to your websites. To create an event listener on a button for example, simply select the button element in JavaScript to start. After that, all you have to do is button.addEventListener(). It takes 2 parameters, the event, and the function to be executed once the event occurs. Some common event types include but not limited to:

• ‘click’: Fired when the element is clicked.
• ‘mouseover’: Fired when the mouse pointer is moved onto an element (hover)
• ‘mouseout’: Fired when the mouse pointer is moved off of an element.
• ‘keydown’: Fired when a key is pressed down. (Similar to ‘keypress’)
• ‘keyup’: Fired when a key is released.
  Also, what makes event listeners extra useful is that we can pass a parameter (usually event) to the callback function that allows us to access the nature of the event so that we have more control.

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟮𝟱 - 𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗮 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗲𝗻𝗱?

It is day 25 of the 100daysofcode challenge! I’m more than excited to start sharing my acquired knowledge in Backend Development. Let’s get started!

A 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗲𝗻𝗱 refers to the server-side of a web application or system that handles the business logic, database interactions, authentication, and server configuration. There are 3 key components of a backend:

𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐫

• Web Server: Handles HTTP requests from clients (e.g., Apache).

• Application Server: Executes application logic (e.g., Node.js, Django, Flask, Ruby on Rails).

2. 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞

Stores and retrieves data. Common types include Relational databases (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL) and NoSQL databases (e.g, MongoDB, Cassandra).

3. 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

• Programming Languages: Core logic written in languages like JavaScript, Python, Ruby, Java, PHP.

• APIs: Interfaces for frontend-backend communication (e.g, RESTful APIs, GraphQL).

• Authentication and Authorization: User identity verification and access control (e.g, OAuth).

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟮𝟲 - 𝗦𝗤𝗟 𝘃𝘀 𝗡𝗼𝗦𝗤𝗟

Let’s look at 3 key differences between 𝗦𝗤𝗟 (relational databases) and 𝗡𝗼𝗦𝗤𝗟 (non-relational databases):

1. 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐥: 𝗦𝗤𝗟 databases use structured schema with predefined tables and columns.
   𝗡𝗼𝗦𝗤𝗟 databases use unstructured or semi-structured data, meaning that they can handle various data formats, including documents, key-value pairs, graphs, and others (This offers more flexibility).
   𝗦𝗤𝗟 uses relational data models.
   𝗡𝗼𝗦𝗤𝗟 uses flexible schemas, meaning you can add fields as you go along.
2. 𝐒𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲: 𝗦𝗤𝗟 databases scale vertically by increasing hardware capacity of a single server (scale up) because it can be challenging to scale horizontally (add more servers).
   𝗡𝗼𝗦𝗤𝗟 databases are usually designed to scale horizontally (distribute data across multiple servers). For example, by utilizing MongoDB sharded clusters, we can easily achieve this flexible scaling.
3. 𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐋𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐚𝐠𝐞: 𝗦𝗤𝗟 databases use Structured Query Language (SQL) for defining and manipulating data.
   Different 𝗡𝗼𝗦𝗤𝗟 databases use different query languages, which can be specific to the database type (e.g., MongoDB uses a query language similar to JSON called MQL - MongoDB Query Language while Cassandra uses CQL).

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟮𝟳 - 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗗𝗕

In my internship with TECHlarious & Two Of Us, I’ll be working with MongoDB as the database for my backend. 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗗𝗕 is a leading NoSQL technology. For those of you who don’t know, NoSQL → non-relational databases. NoSQL specializes in speed and structure flexibility (as there are no limitations). 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗗𝗕 is an open source, schema-less, and document-based database with a horizontal scale-out architecture. It also offers multiple services like 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗗𝗕 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝘀𝘀, a GUI for MongoDB, 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗗𝗕 𝗥𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝗶𝗴𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿, a SQL to MongoDB database migrator that lets you transform your relational databases to non-relational in seconds. Last but not least, MongoDB offers 𝗔𝘁𝗹𝗮𝘀, a global cloud database that gives you the ability to deploy to cloud providers like Google Cloud, AWS, and Azure without worrying about vendor lock. I love MongoDB

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟮𝟖 - 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗼𝘀𝗲

𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗼𝘀𝗲 is an elegant MongoDB object modeling tool for MongoDB & Node.js. It provides a higher-level abstraction for working with MongoDB data, allowing developers to define schemas and interact with MongoDB databases in a more structured way.

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟮𝟵 - 𝗡𝗼𝗱𝗲.𝗷𝘀

𝗡𝗼𝗱𝗲.𝗷𝘀 is a runtime environment that allows you to run JavaScript code outside of a web browser. It is built on the V8 JavaScript engine, which is the same engine that powers Google Chrome. Node.js enables JavaScript to be used for server-side programming, which means you can write server-side code using JavaScript.

1. 𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭-𝐃𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐍𝐨𝐧-𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐈/𝐎:

Node.js uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model, which makes it lightweight and efficient. This allows Node.js to handle many connections simultaneously.

2. 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞-𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝:

Node.js operates on a single-threaded event loop, which handles all asynchronous operations. This is different from traditional server models that use multiple threads to handle requests.

3. 𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭:

Node.js comes with npm (Node Package Manager), which is the largest ecosystem of open-source libraries in the world. This makes it easy to find and use packages to add functionality to your Node.js applications.

4. 𝐉𝐚𝐯𝐚𝐒𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐩𝐭 𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞:

With Node.js, you can use JavaScript for both front-end and back-end development, creating a more seamless and consistent development experience.

5. 𝐒𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲:

Node.js is designed to be scalable. Its non-blocking I/O model is particularly well-suited for real-time applications that require a lot of I/O operations, such as chat applications, online games, and collaborative tools.

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟯𝟬 - 𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗼𝘀𝗲.𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗰𝘁()

The 𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗼𝘀𝗲.𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗰𝘁 function is used to establish a connection to a MongoDB database. It takes 2 parameters:

• MongoDB database URL to establish a connection with.
• options: Like useNewUrlParser & useUnifiedTopology.

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟯𝟭 - 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗼𝘀𝗲 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗮

Creating a Mongoose schema involves defining the structure and data types for documents in a MongoDB collection. This schema is used to model the data in your application, providing a blueprint for how each document should look. To create a mongoose schema, we use mongoose.Schema() which takes as an object detailing how the schema should be laid out. Below is an example on how we can utilize Mongoose to create a user schema for our MongoDB database:

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟯𝟮 - $𝗼𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗼𝘀𝗲

In Mongoose, the $or operator is used to perform a logical OR query on multiple conditions. It matches documents that satisfy at least one of the specified conditions.
In the example below:
The query will return documents where the age is greater than 30 or the location is “New York.”
The $or operator takes an array of conditions, and the query matches documents that satisfy any of these conditions.
You can adjust the conditions and fields as needed for your specific use case.

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

📕 𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟯𝟯 - 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗼𝘀𝗲 𝗠𝗶𝗱𝗱𝗹𝗲𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗲 📕

Mongoose middleware, also known as Mongoose hooks, allows you to perform actions before or after certain operations in your Mongoose models. Middleware is particularly useful for adding logic that should run automatically, such as data validation, logging, or modifying data before it is saved to the database.

𝐓𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐌𝐢𝐝𝐝𝐥𝐞𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐞

Mongoose supports two types of middleware:

𝐏𝐫𝐞 𝐌𝐢𝐝𝐝𝐥𝐞𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐞:

Runs before a particular action.

Commonly used for tasks like validation, modification of data, or authentication.

𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐌𝐢𝐝𝐝𝐥𝐞𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐞:

Runs after an action is completed.

Often used for tasks like logging, sending notifications, or cleanup tasks.

𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐨𝐧 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐓𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐌𝐢𝐝𝐝𝐥𝐞𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐞:

𝐬𝐚𝐯𝐞: Triggered when a document is saved to the database.

𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞: Triggered when a document is removed.

𝐮𝐩𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐎𝐧𝐞: Triggered when a single document is updated.

𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐎𝐧𝐞𝐀𝐧𝐝𝐔𝐩𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐞: Triggered when a single document is found and updated.

𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝: Triggered when documents are retrieved from the database.

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

📕 𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟯𝟰 - 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗼𝘀𝗲 𝗩𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 📕

Mongoose validation is a crucial feature that helps enforce data integrity and consistency in your MongoDB documents by ensuring that the data adheres to specific rules before being saved to the database. Mongoose provides built-in validators, custom validators, and even asynchronous validation to handle complex validation scenarios.

𝐓𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐌𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐨𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

1. 𝐁𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐭-𝐢𝐧 𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬:

• Mongoose offers several built-in validators that you can apply directly in your schema definitions. Some common ones include:
  • required : Ensures a field is not empty.
  • min and max : Validate numerical ranges.
  • enum : Ensures the value is one of the specified options.
  • match : Validates that a string matches a given regular expression.
  • minlength and maxlength : Validate the length of a string.

In the example below:

• The username field is required and must be at least 3 characters long.
• The age field must be between 18 and 65.
• The email field must match the pattern for a typical email address.
• The role field can only be either ‘user’ or ‘admin’.

𝐂𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐦 𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬:

• You can define your own validation logic if the built-in validators don’t meet your needs.

In the example below:

• The username field has a custom validator that only allows alphanumeric characters.
• If the validation fails, an error message is generated using the provided message function.

𝐀𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

• Sometimes, validation requires asynchronous operations, such as checking the uniqueness of a field against the database.

In the example below:

• The email field is validated to ensure it is unique in the database.
• The custom validator is asynchronous, and it uses the callback function to indicate whether the validation passed or failed.

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟯𝟱 - 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗼𝘀𝗲 𝗔𝗴𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗴𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗣𝗶𝗽𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀

Aggregation pipelines in Mongoose are a powerful feature that allows you to perform complex data processing and transformation operations on your MongoDB documents. The aggregation framework processes data through a series of stages, where each stage performs a specific operation and passes the result to the next stage.

𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐬

• 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬 : Each stage in an aggregation pipeline performs an operation on the data. Common stages include:
  • $match : Filters documents based on a specified condition, similar to a find query.
  • $group : Groups documents by a specified key and can perform aggregate calculations like sum, average, count, etc.
  • $sort : Sorts documents based on a specified field.
  • $project : Reshapes documents by including, excluding, or computing new fields.
  • $lookup : Performs a left outer join with another collection to merge data.
  • $unwind : Deconstructs an array field into multiple documents.

𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬

Aggregation pipelines are ideal for:

• 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬: Performing complex calculations, such as totals, averages, and other statistics.
• 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 : Reshaping documents, extracting specific fields, or flattening nested structures.
• 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐌𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠: Combining data from different collections or fields using stages.

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟯𝟲 - .𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗱() 𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗼𝘀𝗲

The .find() method in Mongoose is used to query documents from a MongoDB collection that match certain criteria. It returns an array of documents that satisfy the query conditions. Below is an overview of how .find() works and how you can use it effectively:

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟯𝟳 - .𝗺𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹() 𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗼𝘀𝗲

The .model() method in Mongoose is a fundamental part of how you interact with MongoDB collections in your application. This method is used to create a Mongoose model, which is a wrapper for a MongoDB collection. Models are responsible for creating and reading documents from the underlying MongoDB database.

When you define a schema in Mongoose, it describes the structure of documents in a collection. The .model() method compiles this schema into a model that you can use to interact with that collection.
The .model() method is essential for defining how your application interacts with the data in MongoDB. It acts as the bridge between your code and the database, providing a structured way to manage, validate, and query your data.

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟯𝟴 - .𝗰𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗲() 𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗼𝘀𝗲

The .create() method in Mongoose is a convenient way to create and save a new document (or multiple documents) to a MongoDB collection in one step. This method is a shortcut for creating an instance of a model and then calling .save() on it.

100daysofcode lebanon-mug

[Amir_BouGhanem]

𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟯𝟵 - .𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗗𝗼𝗰𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀() 𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗼𝗼𝘀𝗲

The .countDocuments() method in Mongoose is used to count the number of documents in a collection that match a given query. It provides a quick way to determine how many documents meet certain criteria without having to retrieve the documents themselves.

100daysofcode lebanon-mug